The Tao

The Tao is the way that can be followed,
but it is no ordinary way.

opening line of the Tao Te Ching

   
The Tao Te Ching was supposedly written by a man named Lao Tzu (also written as Lao Tse, Laozi, and other Romanized variants), who was leaving his country after years of serving as a librarian in the Zhou Dynasty's imperial archives.  Supposedly, a border guard recognized him and asked him to share his wisdom about life before he left, so he took the time to write the Tao Te Ching (also written Daodejing) before leaving for good.  This was in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E.  The book is the foundational text of Taoism, and is often translated as The Book of the Way of Virtue.

On this page, you'll see two different versions of the text, as well as observations about it.  The two versions are by Stephen Mitchell and Ursula LeGuin, and I include them because both writers made an effort to use language that's accessible to a 21st-century audience while still remaining true to the source material; neither of the writers speak Chinese, so they've used various translations to provide them with the material they present in new form.  Unfortunately, many translators are so caught up in providing "accurate" translations that the language becomes stilted and difficult to comprehend at times.  With a work like the Tao, comprehension is much more important than linguistic accuracy (which in translations, is always debatable).
   
The moon does not fight.  It attacks no one.  It does not worry.  It does not try to crush others.  It keeps to its course, but by its very nature, it gently influences.  What other body could pull an entire ocean from shore to shore?  The moon is faithful to its nature and its power is never diminished.

Deng Ming-Dao
Everyday Tao:  Living with Balance and Harmony

      
The honey doesn't taste so good once it is being eaten; the goal doesn't mean so much once it is reached; the reward is no so rewarding once it has been given.  If we add up all the rewards in our lives, we won't have very much.  But if we add up the spaces *between* the rewards, we'll come up with quite a bit.  And if we add up the rewards *and* the spaces, then we'll have everything-- every minute of the time that we spent.

Benjamin Hoff
The Tao of Pooh
  

When love and hate are both absent, everything becomes clear and undisguised. Make the slightest distinction, however, and heaven and earth are set infinitely apart. If you wish to see the truth, then hold no opinions for or against anything. To set up what you like against what you dislike is the disease of the mind.

Hsin Hsin Ming

   

It is too facile to say that the way to follow Tao is to simply go along with the flow of life.  Sometimes, like the carp, we must know when to go it alone.

Den Ming-Dao
Everyday Tao:  Living with Balance and Harmony

   

When a cat falls out of a tree, it lets go of itself.  The cat becomes completely
relaxed, and lands lightly on the ground.  But if a cat were about to fall out of
a tree and suddenly make up its mind that it didn’t want to fall, it would become
tense and rigid, and would be just a bag of broken bones upon landing.  In the
same way, it is the philosophy of the Tao that we are all falling off a tree, at
every moment of our lives.  As a matter of fact, the moment we were born, we
were kicked off a precipice, and we are falling, and there is nothing that can
stop it.  So instead of living in a state of chronic tension, and clinging to all
sorts of things that are actually falling with us because the whole
world is impermanent, be like a cat.

Alan Watts

    
From the Tao Te Ching (Stephen Mitchell version):

I have just three things to teach:
simplicity, patience, compassion.
These three are your greatest treasures.
Simple in actions and in thoughts,
you return to the source of being. 
Patient with both friends and enemies,
you accord with the way things are.
Compassionate toward yourself,
you reconcile all beings in the world.
   (67)
   

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Some people think they can find satisfaction in good food, fine clothes,
lively music, and sexual pleasure.  However, when they have all these things,
they are not satisfied.  They realize happiness is not simply having their
material needs met.  Thus, society has set up a system of rewards that go
beyond material goods.  These include titles, social recognition, status, and
political power, all wrapped up in a package called self-fulfillment.  Attracted
by these prizes and goaded on by social pressure, people spend their short lives
tiring body and mind to chase after these goals.  Perhaps this gives them the
feeling that they have achieved something in their lives, but in reality they have
sacrificed a lot in life.  They can no longer see, hear, act, feel, or think from
their hearts.  Everything they do is dictated by whether it can get them social
gains.  In the end, they've spent their lives following other people's demands
and never lived a life of their own.  How different is this
from the life of a slave or a prisoner?

Lieh-tzu
A Taoist Guide to Practical Living

  

A beam or pillar can be used to batter down a city wall, but it is no good
for stopping up a little hole-- this refers to a difference in function.
Thoroughbreds like Qiji and Hualiu could gallop a thousand li in one day,
but when it came to catching rats they were no match for the wildcat or
the weasel-- this refers to a difference in skill.  The horned owl catches
fleas at night and can spot the tip of a hair, but when daylight comes, no
matter how wide it opens its eyes, it cannot see a mound or a hill-- this
refers to a difference in nature.  Now do you say, that you are going to make
Right your master and do away with Wrong, or make Order your master and
do away with Disorder?  If you do, then you have not understood the principle
of heaven and earth or the nature of the ten thousand things.  This is like
saying that you are going to make Heaven your master and do away with
Earth, or make Yin your master and do away with Yang.
Obviously it is impossible.

Zhuangzi
The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu

  

The clouds above us join and separate,
The breeze in the courtyard leaves and returns.
Life is like that, so why not relax?
Who can stop us from celebrating?

Lu Yu

  
From the Tao Te Ching (Stephen Mitchell version):

The Master gives himself up
to whatever the moment brings.
He knows that he is going to die,
and he has nothing left to hold on to: 
no illusions in his mind, no resistances in his body.
He doesn’t think about his actions;
they flow from the core of his being.
He holds nothing back from life;
therefore he is ready for death,
as a man is ready for sleep after a good day’s work.  (50)
From the Ursula LeGuin version:

Those who think to win the world
by doing something to it,
I see them come to grief.
For the world is a sacred object.
Nothing is to be done to it.
To do anything to it is to damage it.
To seize it is to lose it.

Under heaven some things lead, some follow,
some blow hot, some cold,
some are strong, some weak,
some are fulfilled, some fail.

So the wise soul keeps away
from the extremes, excess, extravagance.  (29)
   

The teaching of the Tao Te Ching is moral in the deepest sense. Unencumbered
by any concept of sin, the Master doesn’t see evil as a force to resist, but simply
as an opaqueness, a state of self-absorption which is in disharmony with the
universal process, so that, as with a dirty window, the light can’t shine through.

Stephen Mitchell

  

Having no destination, I am never lost.

Ikkyu

    

If only human beings
did not need to always be right
Think of how seldom
people would fight.
We'd get along better
with a lot less defenses
And feel quite secure
without high walls and fences.
We'd accept each other more
and respect each other's needs
We'd feel our inner oneness
Beyond gender, race, age, or creed.

C. Alexander and Annellen M. Simpkins
Tao in Ten

   

  

To light a candle is to cast a shadow.

Ursula K. Le Guin
A Wizard of Earthsea

  

If a man is crossing a river and an empty boat collides with his own skiff,
even though he be a bad-tempered man he will not become very angry.
But if he sees a man in the boat, he will shout at him to steer clear.  If the
shout is not heard, he will shout again, and yet again, and begin cursing.
And all because there is somebody in the boat.  Yet if the boat were empty,
he would not be shouting, and not angry.  If you can empty your own boat
crossing the river of the world, no one will oppose you, no one will seek to
harm you. . . . Who can free himself from achievement, and from fame,
descend and be lost amid the masses of people?  That person will flow
like Tao, unseen; they will go about like Life itself with no name and no
home.  Simple is he, without distinction.  To all appearances he is a fool.
His steps leave no trace.  He has no power.  He achieves nothing, has no
reputation.  Since he judges no one, no one judges him.
Such is the perfect man:  His boat is empty.

Osho Rajneesh

   

You'd be surprised how many people violate this simple principle every day
of their lives and try to fit square pegs into round holes, ignoring the clear
reality that Things Are As They Are. We will let a selection from the writings
of Chuang-tse illustrate:  Hui-tse said to Chuang-tse, "I have a large tree
which no carpenter can cut into lumber. Its branches and trunk are crooked
and tough, covered with bumps and depressions. No builder would turn his
head to look at it. Your teachings are the same - useless, without value.
Therefore, no one pays attention to them.
You complain that your tree is not valuable as lumber. But you could make use
of the shade it provides, rest under its sheltering branches, and stroll beneath
it, admiring its character and appearance. Since it would not be endangered by
an axe, what could threaten its existence? It is useless to you only because you
want to make it into something else and do not use it in its proper way.

Benjamin Hoff
The Tao of Pooh

  
From the Tao Te Ching (Stephen Mitchell version):

The Master’s power is like this.  She lets all things come and go effortlessly, without desire.  She never expects results; thus she is never disappointed.  She is never disappointed; thus her spirit never grows old. (55)
From the Ursula LeGuin version:

Be broken to be whole.
Twist to be straight.
Be empty to be full.
Wear out to be renewed.
Have little and gain much.
Have much and get confused.

So wise souls hold to the one,
and test all things against it.

Not showing themselves,
they shine forth.
Not justifying themselves,
they’re self-evident.
Not praising themselves,
they’re accomplished.
Not competing,
they have in all the world no competitor.

What they used to say in the old days,
“Be broken to be whole,”
was that mistaken?
Truly, to be whole
is to return.  (22)
  

   

We may be floating on Tao, but there is nothing wrong with steering.
If Tao is like a river, it is certainly good to know where the rocks are.

Den Ming-Dao
Everyday Tao:  Living with Balance and Harmony

   

To know the world, one must first know themselves.  Then they must
forget themselves.  Once they forgot both the world and themselves,
never again would they be moved by worldly gains and losses.

Meng Xi Shi
Thousand Autumns:  Qian Qiu

  

Travel is such a wonderful experience!  Especially when you forget you are
traveling.  Then you will enjoy whatever you see and do.  Those who look into
themselves when they travel will not think about what they see.  In fact, there is
no distinction between the viewer and the seen.  You experience everything with
the totality of yourself, so that every blade of grass, every mountain, every lake
is alive and is a part of you.  When there is no division between you and what is
other, this is the ultimate experience of traveling.

Liezi
Lieh-Tzu:  A Taoist Guide to Practical Living

  
From the Tao Te Ching (Stephen Mitchell version):

Can you step back from your own mind
and thus understand all things?  (10)
from the Ursula LeGuin version:

Everybody on earth knowing
that beauty is beautiful
makes ugliness.

Everybody knowing
that goodness is good
makes wickedness.

For being and nonbeing
arise together;
hard and easy
complete each other;
long and short
shape each other;
high and low
depend on each other;
note and voice
make the music together;
before and after
follow each other.

That’s why the wise soul
does without doing,
teaches without talking.  (2)
   

  

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The Taoists realized that no single concept or value could be considered absolute or superior.  If being useful is beneficial, the being useless is also beneficial.  The ease with which such opposites may change places is depicted in a Taoist story about a farmer whose horse ran away.

His neighbor commiserated only to be told, "Who knows what's good or bad?"  It was true.  The next day the horse returned, bringing with it a drove of wild horses it had befriended in its wanderings.  The neighbor came over again, this time to congratulate the farmer on his windfall.  He was met with the same observation:  "Who knows what is good or bad?"  True this time too; the next day the farmer's son tried to mount one of the wild horses and fell off, breaking his leg.  Back came the neighbor, this time with more commiserations, only to encounter for the third time the same response, "Who knows what is good or bad?"  And once again the farmer's point was well taken, for the following day soldiers came by commandeering for the army and because of his injury, the son was not drafted.

According to the Taoists, yang and yin, light and shadow, useful and useless are all different aspects of the whole, and the minute we choose one side and block out the other, we upset nature's balance.  If we are to be whole and follow the way of nature, we must pursue the difficult process of embracing the opposites.

Connie Zweig
Meeting the Shadow
  
From the Tao Te Ching (Stephen Mitchell version):

Fame or integrity:  which is more important?
Money or happiness:  which is more valuable?
Success or failure:  which is more destructive?

If you look to others for fulfillment,
you will never truly be fulfilled.
If your happiness depends on money,
you will never be happy with yourself.

Be content with what you have;
rejoice in the way things are.
When you realize there is nothing lacking,
the whole world belongs to you.  (44)
Ursula LeGuin:

Which is nearer,
name or self?
Which is dearer,
self or wealth?
Which gives more pain,
loss or gain?

All you grasp will be thrown away.
All you hoard will be utterly lost.

Contentment keeps disgrace away.
Restraint keeps you out of danger
so you can go on for a long, long time.  (44)
    
I have been a student of the Tao Te Ching for many years.  The depth
of its insights and the power of its gentle nurture have deeply affected
my spiritual, emotional, and even physical journey.  It has especially
affected my adventure as a parent of two remarkable children.  The
great themes that permeate the Tao, such as unity, responding
without judgment, emulating natural processes, and balancing
between doing and being are central to the health of loving
parent-child relationships.

William Martin
The Parents' Tao Te Ching
    

            

Yes, life can be mysterious and confusing--but there's much of life that's actually rather dependable and reliable.  Some principles apply to life in so many different contexts that they can truly be called universal--and learning what they are and how to approach them and use them can teach us some of the most important lessons that we've ever learned.
My doctorate is in Teaching and Learning.  I use it a lot when I teach at school, but I also do my best to apply what I've learned to the life I'm living, and to observe how others live their lives.  What makes them happy or unhappy, stressed or peaceful, selfish or generous, compassionate or arrogant?  In this book, I've done my best to pass on to you what I've learned from people in my life, writers whose works I've read, and stories that I've heard.  Perhaps these principles can be a positive part of your life, too!
Universal Principles of Living Life Fully.  Awareness of these principles can explain a lot and take much of the frustration out of the lives we lead.

    
    

          

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